Gold Investment Guide

During the 14th and 15th centuries jewelry became an important feature for both male and female attire.

In the first half of the 15th century jewels composed of enameled gold figures, flowers, and foliage modeled in high relief were frequently mixed with clusters of pearls to create stunning ornaments.

The influence of the Spanish court set a standard for the other princely courts of Europe during the 16th Century. At this time the art of engraving on metal was perfected. As trade and communication improved, designers were able to print and distribute their ideas throughout Europe.

The most striking and influential of designs were for figurative pendants of legendary subjects. Later development of this style included a framework of abstract ornament or architectural elements.

The most famous artist-goldsmith of this period was Benvenuto Cellini. He worked in his native Italy and later for Francis I of France. Cellini is known mainly through his autobiography and sculpture. Although, he was renowned as a great goldsmith during his time, no jewelry that he worked on has survived to the present day.

In the 17th century figurative designs became less fashionable and there was a shift of interest to formal designs using faceted gems and pearls. After 1640, the uncut, or cabochon, gem is rarely found in jewelry.

During the 17th century, the Golconda diamond mines opened in India.

Dutch merchants supplied diamonds for the European market and Amsterdam became the center for the trading and cutting of gems and remains so till today.

By the middle of the 17th century a new, many-faceted “rose” style of cutting had replaced old, square “table” cut. Stones were set in close proximity and settings played a smaller part in the overall effect. Silver was frequently used with diamonds to make the setting less visible. Delicate floral designs in enamel were used to decorate the backs of finer jewels.

In the late 17th century Gilles Legare, the court jeweler to Louis XIV of France, was responsible for some of the finest designs. Louis XIV was the last European monarch to wear large numbers of jewels.

18th Century Jewelry

Fashions were lighter and more frivolous in the 18th Century. The sparkle of diamonds seemed brighter as they were cut in the new “brilliant” style that was invented in Venice between the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century. Other innovations included the informal spray of flowers entirely formed of stones. This type of jewelry required the utmost skill of the jeweler.

From 1725 an abundant new source of diamonds in Brazil had a big impact on the development of jewelry. There was also a large demand for imitation, or paste, diamonds.

Paris, the fashion center of the world, was severely disrupted by the French Revolution of 1789 and diamonds became unfashionable during the period of republicanism that followed. Only simple gold jewelry inspired by classical antiquity was worn in the post-revolution period.

Neoclassical designs were well suited to Napoleon I. His wife, Josephine, loved antique cameos and they were made into magnificent “parures.” (Matching sets of jewels consisting of necklace, earrings, and brooches or clasps of various sizes.) Diamonds soon came back into favor in the Napoleonic court and there was a renewed interest in colored stones.

The fashion was for light filigree, or mechanically stamped-out gold jewelry, set with pale-colored semiprecious stones that produced a rich effect at a low cost. This style originated in Britain, where Queen Victoria set the mood for society.

Victorian jewelry, such as lockets and brooches incorporating miniature portraits or locks of hair, was sentimental in feeling and low in intrinsic value. Collection of keepsakes led to an odd fashion of wearing jewelry made of woven human hair.

19th and 20th Century Jewelry

In the nineteenth-century jewelry design was dominated by historical revivals.

The Gothic revival inspired outstanding jewelry and Parisian jewelers again rose to great heights of achievement. In late 1860s diamond settings reached a peak of technical virtuosity with the monture illusion, an elaborate gem-encrusted framework associated with the jeweler Oscar Massin.

During same period, archaeologically correct jewelry originated in Italy, following discoveries of Greek, Roman, and Etruscan gold jewelry.

In 1869 South African diamonds were first brought to Europe and they also helped to supply an enormous market for jewelry among the newly rich in the United States and South America. Large and valuable stones often set in solitaire or as necklaces of single stones, called rivieres, became fashionable. Mechanical technical excellence prevailed and jewelry making became industrialized.

Later prosperity in this century encouraged the growth of large commercial establishments. The most famous of these were Peter Carl Faberge in Saint Petersburg, Russia; and Charles Lewis Tiffany in New York.

During the last half of the 19th century the movement devoted to reforming the applied arts began to affect jewelry as well. This development sprung out of the British Arts and Craft movement. The most progressive jeweler of this epoch was the Frenchman Rene Lalique. His work returned jewelry to the true goldsmith’s tradition and his designs done in the Art Nouveau style compared in brilliance to the works of the Renaissance.

In the 20th century the profession of artist-jeweler becomes established in Scandinavia, where Georg Jensen set a high standard of artistry and craftsmanship with simple, mass-produced jewelry.

Jewelry from the prestigious international houses such as Cartier, Chaumet, Boucheron, Van Cleef and Arpels, and Tiffany continued the conservative tradition of formal gem-set jewelry.

In the first article of this series we have seen how gold jewelry was developed in the ancient Sumerian civilization as well as in Egypt and Crete. The technique of making fine gold jewelry spread to Greece, to Northern Europe and to the Celtic people as well. Now let’s look at the role that gold jewelry played in the pre-Roman era and during the Middle Ages and Renaissance.

In the 7th century BC the Etruscans of central Italy were also making fine gold jewelry. The Etruscans perfected the difficult technique of granulation, a technique in which the surface of the metal is covered with tiny gold grains.

In Greece during the Hellenistic Age (the period just after the time of Alexander the Great, 323-30 BC) Greek jewelry was characterized by its great variety of forms and fine workmanship. Naturalistic wreaths were made for the head, and a variety of miniatures — human, animal, and plant — were made into necklaces and earrings.

The Heracles-knot, developed in Greece, remained a popular motif into Roman times.

Colorful jewelry was an important characteristic of the Migration period (4th to 8th centuries AD) which followed the collapse of the Roman Empire. Mediterranean goldsmiths continued to produce refined jewelry but the jewelry of the European tribes dominated the period. They produced abstract styles and worked in enamels and inlaid stones. This is also the period of the penannular, or nearly circular, brooches of Ireland and Scotland.

From the 9th to the 13th century, the technique of cloisonné — enameling on gold-became widespread in Europe and the Near East, with the best jewelry of this type emanating from Constantinople (present day Istanbul) the capital of the Byzantine Empire.

Gold Jewelry in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance

In the year 962 AD, just after the creation of the Holy Roman Empire (located in Central Europe) there was a fusion of Mediterranean and European civilizations and this had an effect on the jewelry as well.

The Emperor and the Church became the patrons of the arts. Jewelers worked in courts and monasteries. During this era, jewelry design was based on the setting in gold of precious stones and pearls in colorful patterns. Precious stones, which were polished but used in natural forms, were credited with having magic powers. For example, Sapphire, symbolic of chastity and spiritual peace, was used for papal rings.

Antique cameo gems were prized and when set in early medieval jewelry and were given a Christian interpretation. Until this era, European jewelry was produced mainly in imperial and monastic workshops. However, by the 13th century a system of independent guilds of goldsmiths was established in European capitals.

Gothic jewelry reflects the chivalrous ethic of the aristocratic society of this time in its symbolism and frequent use of amatory inscriptions. Jewelry, which has always had close affinities with modes of dress, frequently took the form of brooches and other fastenings such as belt clasps.

The ring brooch, the most common form of jewelry in the 13th century, was probably given as a token of love or betrothal. A pendant would occasionally be used as a Reliquary. The use of earrings ceased entirely, because women wore elaborate jeweled headdresses that concealed the ears. About 1300, French jewelers began to use translucent enamels over engraved silver or gold.

In the next article of this series we will look at the history of gold jewelry during the past five hundred years.

Humankind has long been fascinated by the beauty of gold and since the earliest days of civilization gold has been used to adorn us in the form of jewelry. Let’s take a look at how gold jewelry has been used in the various parts of the world during the last five thousand years.

The Sumerian Civilization, located in present-day Iraq, is well known as the place where one of the first systems of writing was developed. There gold was used to make necklaces earrings, rings, bracelets and other ornaments as early as 2500 BC.

Sumerian goldsmiths used sophisticated metalworking techniques such as cold hammering, casting, soldering, and were particularly skilled in decorating with filigree (fine-wire ornamentation). They also practiced “granulation” using minute drops of gold to enhance the beauty of the jewelry.

Jewelry played an important role in Egyptian civilization where its use dates back to 3000 BC. A tomb painting of late 15th century BC shows a metalworker using tongs and a blowpipe to anneal gold. The famous tomb of Tutankhamun or King Tut contains numerous pieces of fine gold jewelry embedded with precious stones. These pieces of jewelry are on display in the national museum in Cairo and thousands of visitors each day marvel at the skill of these early goldsmiths and jewelers.

On Mediterranean island of Crete, now part of Greece, gold jewelry also played an important role as early as 2400 BC. The jewelers of Crete may have gotten their knowledge from West Asia and they were experts in fashioning gold jewelry.

Diadems, hair ornaments, beads, bracelets, and complex chains have been found in Minoan tombs on Crete. It is also believed that Asian techniques of filigree and granulation were introduced to Crete around 2000 BC.

Around 1550 BC Minoan culture and its jewelry styles spread to Greece, then dominated by the city-state of Mycenea, located 90 miles southwest of present-day Athens.

Metalworking techniques spread outward from Greece and reached northern Europe as early as 1800 BC. There is also evidence that the Celtic and early British people traded with the eastern Mediterranean civilizations by this time and exchanged their products for gold beads.

By 1200 BC jewelry making was flourishing in Central and Western Europe.

Bronze and gold was used to make jewelry and the spiral was the most common type of decoration. Twisted gold torcs were made in the British Isles and northern France from the 5th to the 1st century BC. Torcs, also spelled Torq, were rigid circular neck rings or necklaces that were open-ended at the front. Massive circlets for the necks and arms were the characteristic ornament of the chiefs of the Celtic race. The Celts also used enamel and inlay to decorate jewelry.

In the next article of this series, I will trace the use of gold jewelry in the Etruscan, Roman and Hellenistic periods as well as giving a look at the role of gold jewelry in the Renaissance.